Samina Diamond Jewelers: December 2013

Tuesday 31 December 2013

Samina Diamond Ruby Fashion Jewelry 22

Samina Diamond Ruby Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Diamond has a wide bandgap of 5.5 eV corresponding to the deep ultraviolet wavelength of 225 nanometers. This means pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong and only atoms of nitrogen, boron and hydrogen can be

introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals Ni and Co, which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for Ni[34] and even much less for Co. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.[35]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 21

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong and only atoms of nitrogen, boron and hydrogen can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals Ni and Co, which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for Ni[34] and even much less for Co. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.[35]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 20

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Surface property

Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds.[23] However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature.[33]

Chemical stability

Diamonds are not very reactive. Under room temperature diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases. A diamond's surface can only be oxidized a little by just a few oxidants[which?] at high temperature (below 1,000 °C). Therefore, acids and bases can be used to refine synthetic diamonds.[23]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 19

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Electrical conductivity

Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in

contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators.[30] The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the valence band.[30]

Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally undoped diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition. This conductivity is associated with hydrogen-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by annealing or other surface treatments.[31][32]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 18

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property toughness, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 7.5–10 MPa·m1/2.[27][28] This value is good compared to other gemstones, but poor compared to most engineering materials. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones, prior to faceting.[29] "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds.[23]8]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 17

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.
By Samina Aamir

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The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the Copeton and Bingara fields located in the New England area in New South Wales, Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the crystal growth form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges.[1

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 16

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry. Happy New Year's

By Samina. Aamir

Diamond is the hardest known natural material on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, where hardness is defined as resistance to scratching and is graded between 1 (softest) and 10 (hardest). Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on this scale.[25] Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name.

Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the <111> direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice).[26] Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as boron nitride, the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and nanocrystalline diamond aggregates.

The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in engagement or wedding rings, which are often worn every day.

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 15

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.Aamir

A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a covalent network lattice (sp3) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face centered cubic structure. Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Most notable are its extreme hardness and thermal conductivity (900–2,320 W·m−1·K−1),[20] as well as wide bandgap and high optical dispersion.[21] Above 1,700 °C (1,973 K /

3,583 °F) in vacuum or oxygen-free atmosphere, diamond converts to graphite; in air, transformation starts at ~700 °C.[22] Diamond's ignition point is 720 – 800 °C in oxygen and 850 – 1,000 °C in air.[23] Naturally occurring diamonds have a density ranging from 3.15–3.53 g/cm3, with pure diamond close to 3.52 g/cm3.[1] The chemical bonds that hold the carbon atoms in diamonds together are weaker than those in graphite. In diamonds, the bonds form an inflexible three-dimensional lattice, whereas in graphite, the atoms are tightly bonded into sheets, which can slide easily over one another, making the overall structure weaker.[24]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 14

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Once diamonds have been transported to the surface by magma in a volcanic pipe, they may erode out and be distributed over a large area. A volcanic pipe containing

diamonds is known as a primary source of diamonds. Secondary sources of diamonds include all areas where a significant number of diamonds have been eroded out of their kimberlite or lamproite matrix, and accumulated because of water or wind action. These include alluvial deposits and deposits along existing and ancient shorelines, where loose diamonds tend to accumulate because of their size and density. Diamonds have also rarely been found in deposits left behind by glaciers (notably in Wisconsin and Indiana); in contrast to alluvial deposits, glacial deposits are minor and are therefore not viable commercial sources of diamond.^[11]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 13

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

The magma in volcanic pipes is usually one of two characteristic types, which cool into igneous rock known as either kimberlite or lamproite.[11] The magma itself does not contain diamond; instead, it acts as an elevator that carries deep-formed rocks (xenoliths), minerals (xenocrysts), and fluids upward. These rocks are characteristically rich in magnesium-bearing olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole minerals[11] which are often altered to serpentine by heat and fluids during and after eruption. Certain indicator minerals typically occur within diamantiferous

kimberlites and are used as mineralogical tracers by prospectors, who follow the indicator trail back to the volcanic pipe which may contain diamonds. These minerals are rich in chromium (Cr) or titanium (Ti), elements which impart bright colors to the minerals. The most common indicator minerals are chromium garnets (usually bright red chromium-pyrope, and occasionally green ugrandite-series garnets), eclogitic garnets, orange titanium-pyrope, red high-chromium spinels, dark chromite, bright green chromium-diopside, glassy green olivine, black picroilmenite, and magnetite. Kimberlite deposits are known as blue ground for the deeper serpentinized part of the deposits, or as yellow ground for the near surface smectite clay and carbonate weathered and oxidized portion.[11]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 12

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Diamond-bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth's surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions. The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed[11]—150 km (93 mi) or more (three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes). This is a relatively rare occurrence.

These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes.[11] The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action, but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased. During eruption these pipes are open to the surface, resulting in open circulation; many xenoliths of

surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes. Diamond-bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest, coolest regions of continental crust (cratons). This is because cratons are very thick, and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable. Not all pipes contain diamonds, and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable.[11]

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 11

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Space diamonds

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 10

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Samina diamond Jewelry Beautiful diamond and white gold it is your choice jewelry 14k gold women style is great By Samina. jewelry it is great your we you of do jewelry buy. this is a beautiful diamond jewelry. an stylish gift for you. your life it great diamond jewelry, weddings and engagement rings. And weddings necklace diamond is jewelry for you.

Diamonds occur most often as euhedral or rounded octahedra and twinned octahedra known as macles. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many facets that belong to a cube, octahedron, rhombicosidodecahedron, tetrakis hexahedron or disdyakis dodecahedron. The crystals can have rounded off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Sometimes they are found grown together or form double "twinned" crystals at the surfaces of the octahedron. These different shapes and habits of some diamonds result from differing external

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 9

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Through studies of carbon isotope ratios (similar to the methodology used in carbon dating, except with the stable isotopes C-12 and C-13), it has been shown that the carbon found in diamonds comes from both inorganic and organic sources. Some diamonds, known as harzburgitic, are formed from inorganic carbon originally found deep in the Earth's mantle. In contrast, eclogitic diamonds contain organic carbon from organic

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 8

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure. These depths are

estimated between 140 and 190 kilometers (87 and 120 mi) though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about 300 kilometers (190 mi).[11] The rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth. In particular, under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth, beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required. The

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 7

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Natural history

The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions—exposure of carbon-bearing materials to high pressure, ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars (4.5 and 6 GPa), but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900 and 1,300 °C (1,652 and 2,372 °F). These conditions are met in two places on Earth; in the

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 6

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.
By Samina.

In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of oxygen, and showed that the only product of the combustion was carbon dioxide, proving that diamond is composed of carbon. Later in 1797, Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.[8]

The most familiar use of diamonds today is as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity. The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology have developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are carat, cut, color, and clarity.[9] A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 5

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 4

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Samina diamond Jewelry Beautiful diamond and white gold it is your choice jewelry 14k gold women style is great By Samina. jewelry it is great your we you of do jewelry buy

Most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers (87 to 120 mi) in the Earth's mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the carbon source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25% to 75% of the age of the Earth). Diamonds are brought close to the Earth′s surface through deep volcanic eruptions by a magma, which cools

into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites. Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a high-pressure high-temperature process which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earth's mantle. An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Several non-diamond materials, which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties. Special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural and synthetic diamonds and diamond simulants.

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 3

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina.

Samina diamond Jewelry Beautiful diamond and white gold it is your choice jewelry 14k gold women style is great By Samina. jewelry it is great your we you of do jewelry buy

In mineralogy, diamond (from the ancient Greek αδάμας – adámas "unbreakable") is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material. Those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells.

Because of its extremely rigid lattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such as boron and nitrogen. Small amounts of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (lattice defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors).

Samina diamond Fashion Jewelry 2

Samina diamond Fashion Jewelry.

Samina diamond Jewelry Beautiful diamond and white gold it is your choice jewelry 14k gold women style is great By Samina. jewelry it is great your we you of do jewelry buy

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 1

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

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Samina Diamond Jewelers

Tuesday 31 December 2013

Samina Diamond Ruby Fashion Jewelry 22

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 21

Monday 30 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 20

Sunday 29 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 19

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 18

Wednesday 25 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 17

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 16

Saturday 21 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 15

Friday 20 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 14

Thursday 19 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 13

Tuesday 17 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 12

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 11

Monday 16 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 10

Thursday 12 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 9

Wednesday 11 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 8

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 7

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 6

Tuesday 10 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 5

Monday 9 December 2013

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 4

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 3

Saturday 7 December 2013

Samina diamond Fashion Jewelry 2

Samina Diamond Fashion Jewelry 1

Emerald Diamond Necklace